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Lexicon
Weight management

Tirzepatide

The most potent member of the incretin class in a research context: a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist.

5 min read 33 sources

To the product To the calculator
Still from the explainer video about this entry
Approved · since 2022Lab tested in the shop

No time to read it all? The video sums up the whole entry in about a minute, from how it works to the studies and storage.

Summary

At a glance

Sources checked on 25 Oct 2026

Targets
2 receptors

GIP and GLP-1, each as an agonist according to ChEMBL33

Half-life
~5 days

Phase 1 study, about 117 hours on average, fits one dose per week5

Body weight in phase 3
-20.9 %

SURMOUNT-1 at 72 weeks, highest study dose (placebo -3.1%)2

HbA1c in phase 3
-2.30 percentage points

SURPASS-2 at 40 weeks, highest study dose (semaglutide -1.86)9

Phase 3 on Tirzepatide alone
29 trials

23 of them completed, as of 25 Oct 2026. In total 55 phase 3 entries list the compound, also as comparator or in combination32

  • Tirzepatide is a dual agonist: a single molecule of 39 amino acids that binds to the receptors for GIP and GLP-1.533
  • In phase 3 (SURMOUNT-1, 72 weeks) body weight fell by 20.9 percent on average at the highest study dose, by 3.1 percent on placebo.2
  • In a head-to-head trial against semaglutide (SURMOUNT-5) it was 20.2 versus 13.7 percent after 72 weeks. For long-term blood sugar (HbA1c) Tirzepatide was also ahead in SURPASS-2.259
  • The most common effects in the trials were gastrointestinal, mainly while the dose was being stepped up.21
  • Tirzepatide has been approved as a medicine since 2022. Everything here describes the state of research, not a recommendation.333
Profile

Updated May 2026

How long does it stay in the body?

Share left after one dose, calculated with a half-life of ~5 days

Half-life ~5 days
After 10 days: 25 %
Day 5 · 50 %Day 7, next dose · 38 %Day 10 · 25 %Day 15 · 12.5 %Day 25 · 3.1 %

Simplified model without an absorption phase, half-life from the TPD lexicon.

Class
Dual GIP / GLP-1 agonist
Frequency
Once weekly

subcutaneous

Half-life
~5 days
Form
Lyophilised powder

reconstituted with BAC water

Sizes
5 to 120 mg

10 sizes in the shop

Contents 16 sections
  1. At a glance
  2. What is Tirzepatide?
  3. How it works
  4. What you need
  5. Reconstitution
  6. Injection
  7. Dosing
  8. What the research shows
  9. Research status
  10. Side effects
  11. Lifestyle
  12. Storage
  13. Related compounds
  14. FAQ
  15. Glossary
  16. Sources

What is Tirzepatide?

Tirzepatide is a peptide you inject once a week. What makes it special: it binds two receptors at the same time, GIP and GLP-1. Pure GLP-1 compounds like semaglutide only hit one of them. That dual approach is exactly why Tirzepatide is regarded, in a research context, as the most potent member of the incretin class to date.

The half-life sits at roughly five days, so one shot a week keeps levels stable. It ships as a freeze-dried powder that you dissolve in bacteriostatic water before the first use.

Comparison

One, two or three receptors

Which receptors each compound targets, as stated in the TPD lexicon. Tap a card to open its entry.

Mono agonist Semaglutide GLP-1 GIP Glucagon 1 of 3 receptors
Dual agonist Tirzepatide GLP-1 GIP Glucagon 2 of 3 receptors
Dual agonist Survodutide GLP-1 GIP Glucagon 2 of 3 receptors Triple agonist Retatrutide GLP-1 GIP Glucagon 3 of 3 receptors

Simplified: more receptors does not automatically mean better, each path also brings its own effects. 33

How it works

Both receptors pull several levers at once. The insulin response is boosted in a glucose-dependent way, the stomach empties more slowly and satiety signals in the brain get engaged. What most people notice day to day: the constant circling around food, the so-called food noise, gets much quieter.

Studies suggest the dual GIP/GLP-1 approach moves more on the metabolic side than GLP-1 alone. That does not mean more is automatically better. The body often responds fully at moderate amounts.

Mechanism
  • GLP-1 Slower gastric emptying · More satiety in the brain
  • GIP Insulin response boosted
Through GIP and GLP-1, Tirzepatide pulls several levers: a glucose-dependent stronger insulin response, slower gastric emptying and more satiety in the brain. Simplified diagram.

Where it acts

Two receptors, several organs

Tap a point or a card. Colour = receptor, grey = effect seen in trials.

  1. Brain

    Lower food intake (shown in mice)5

    GLP-1GIP
  2. Stomach

    Gastric emptying delayed, less so after repeated doses6

    GLP-1
  3. Pancreas

    Insulin boosted in a glucose-dependent way, HbA1c clearly lower in trials8

    GLP-1GIP
  4. Fat tissue

    Fat cells carry only the GIP receptor and respond through it (cell assay)5

    GIP
  5. Liver

    MASH resolved more often in a phase 2 trial31

    Observed in trials
  6. Heart

    Fewer heart failure events with preserved ejection fraction and obesity30

    Observed in trials

Targets in the ChEMBL database33

Compound CHEMBL4297839: two recorded mechanisms, all agonist with direct binding to the human receptor.

GIP receptor
Gene
GIPR
UniProt
P48546
ChEMBL
CHEMBL4383
Action
Agonist, direct binding
GLP-1 receptor
Gene
GLP1R
UniProt
P43220
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1784
Action
Agonist, direct binding
Blue 3D peptide chains docking onto receptors on a cluster of translucent blue cells
Symbolic image.

What you need

Before you start, have everything ready. The list is short:

Supplies

5 things, numbered as in the picture

Tick off what you already have. Vial and BAC water are our real shop photos at the same size.

Tirzepatide vial and bacteriostatic water at the same size with the black TPD label, next to two U-100 insulin syringes, two alcohol swabs and a sharps container with a blue lid

  1. Tirzepatide vial

    The Tirzepatide vial with the freeze-dried powder

    In the shop

  2. Bacteriostatic water

    Bacteriostatic water to dissolve it

    In the shop

  3. U-100 insulin syringes

    U-100 insulin syringes for the injection (they also work for drawing the water, you just draw more often; a larger syringe is faster but not a must)

    Amazon (opens a new tab)

  4. Alcohol swabs

    Alcohol swabs for the vial cap and the skin

    Amazon (opens a new tab)

  5. Sharps container

    A sealable sharps container for used needles

As an Amazon associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Links open Amazon - no extra cost for you.

With everything clean and in one place, the rest is straightforward.

Reconstitution

The powder is dissolved in bacteriostatic water. How much water you add sets the concentration and therefore how many units you later draw on the insulin syringe for your dose.

Use the peptide calculator for exactly this: pick your vial size and the water volume to instantly see the concentration and the units per dose. Roughly: less water means higher concentration and fewer units. For large vials from 30mg up, more water is worth it, otherwise the dose gets tiny and hard to read.

When dissolving, just add the bac water and let the powder dissolve. It does not matter if the water hits the powder directly. Swirling or shaking are both fine.

Step by step

Dissolving the powder

Four steps, the same for every vial size.

  1. 1Wipe the cap

    Clean the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab.

  2. 2Add BAC water

    Just add it, it does not matter if it hits the powder directly.

  3. 3Swirl or shake

    Until everything has dissolved, both are fine.

  4. 4Draw up

    With the U-100 insulin syringe.

Less water higher concentration fewer units on the syringe Example: 10 mg + 2 ml = 5 mg/ml

Injection

The injection is subcutaneous, into the fat layer under the skin. Common spots are the abdomen (keep about two finger-widths clear of the navel), the front and the inner side of the thigh, or the back of the upper arm.

The short version:

Injection

Where and at what angle

Pick a spot or switch the angle. Subcutaneous means: into the fat layer, not the muscle.

Rotate the spot each time, never the same one twice in a row.

90°More fat under the skin

Rule of thumb: where there is more fat under the skin, insert straight at 90 degrees. In lean people with little fat, 45 degrees, so the needle stays in the fat layer. Simplified diagram.

  1. Clean the spot with an alcohol swab and let it dry

  2. Pinch up a small fold of skin

  3. Insert the needle: at 90 degrees where there is more fat under the skin, at 45 degrees in lean people with little fat

  4. Inject slowly, wait a moment, then withdraw

  5. Put the needle straight into the sharps container

Rotate the site each time so the tissue does not get irritated. Never the same spot twice in a row.

Dosing

Dosing

Dosing, titration and syringe

Loading the dosing information …

  • Getting started and stepping up, drawn as a staircase
  • Units on the U-100 syringe for every step
  • How long one vial lasts
Tirzepatide vial on a light marble counter with an insulin syringe and a closed light blue notebook
Symbolic image.

What the research shows

In the large registration studies, Tirzepatide showed clear effects on blood-sugar markers (HbA1c) and body weight through its dual incretin mechanism, rising with the dose across the tested steps. The data base is the weight studies from the SURMOUNT series and the diabetes studies from the SURPASS series.

The individual studies with links are in the source block below.

Study results

What the trials measured

Interactive: switch tabs, tap points, show or hide arms. Arms are named relative to each other, no dosing advice.

Body weight at the end of the trial22223

Mean change in percent per trial

SURMOUNT-12 Obesity without diabetes, 72 weeks
Placebo -3.1%
Lowest study dose -15.0%
Middle study dose -19.5%
Highest study dose (15 mg) -20.9%
SURMOUNT-222 Obesity with type 2 diabetes, 72 weeks
Placebo -3.2%
Middle study dose -12.8%
Highest study dose (15 mg) -14.7%
SURMOUNT-323 After a lifestyle programme, a further 72 weeks
Placebo +2.5%
Maximum tolerated dose -18.4%

Values for all participants as randomised (treatment-regimen estimand), as stated in the abstracts. SURMOUNT-2 had no arm with the lowest dose. In SURMOUNT-3 the change counts from randomisation, after everyone had already lost at least 5 percent with diet and exercise. The trials are not directly comparable.

Long-term blood sugar HbA1c at 40 weeks9

Change in percentage points, SURPASS-2, comparison with semaglutide in type 2 diabetes

SURPASS-29 Type 2 diabetes, 40 weeks
Semaglutide (comparator) -1.86 pp
Highest study dose (15 mg) -2.30 pp

Values as stated in the abstract, highest study dose versus semaglutide. The other dose levels of the trial are not shown here.

Body weight over 88 weeks24

Mean change from baseline in percent, SURMOUNT-4 with 670 randomised participants

0-5%-10%-15%-20%-25%-30% Week 0Week 36Week 88 -9.9%-25.3%

Tirzepatide continued: Week 0 0.0%, Week 36 -20.9%, Week 88 -25.3%. Placebo from week 36: Week 0 0.0%, Week 36 -20.9%, Week 88 -9.9%.

Everyone received Tirzepatide at the maximum tolerated dose for 36 weeks (mean -20.9%). Then participants were randomised: continue Tirzepatide or switch to placebo. From week 36 to 88 the placebo group regained 14.0 percent on average, the other group lost a further 5.5 percent. Only the time points from the abstract are shown.

Body weight after 72 weeks25

Head-to-head trial, obesity without type 2 diabetes, 751 participants

SURMOUNT-525 Each at the maximum tolerated dose, open-label trial (phase 3b)
Semaglutide (comparator) -13.7%
Maximum tolerated dose -20.2%

Least-squares means from the abstract. Waist circumference also fell more with Tirzepatide (-18.4 versus -13.0 cm). Both groups mainly had gastrointestinal effects, mostly during the step-up phase.

Liver biopsy after 52 weeks31

Share of participants, phase 2 trial SYNERGY-NASH with 190 participants

MASH resolved31 Without worsening of fibrosis
Placebo 10%
Lowest study dose 44%
Middle study dose 56%
Highest study dose (15 mg) 62%
Fibrosis improved by at least one stage31 Without worsening of MASH
Placebo 30%
Lowest study dose 55%
Middle study dose 51%
Highest study dose (15 mg) 51%

Participants with biopsy-confirmed MASH and moderate to severe fibrosis. Missing biopsies were imputed as described in the abstract. A phase 2 trial, the authors call for larger and longer trials.

Petri dish with a pale tissue sample under a microscope, next to a rolled-up tape measure
Symbolic image.

Research status

Where the research stands

From the first cell assays to approval: the developer's registered trials testing Tirzepatide on its own, with status, participants and results. As of 25 Oct 2026. 32

  1. Preclinical Cell assays and mice
  2. Phase 1 20 trials, 18 completed
  3. Phase 2 5 trials, 4 completed
  4. Phase 3 29 trials, 23 completed
  5. Approval since 2022
48,625 participants in phase 3 Planned figures for running trials Approved. ChEMBL lists Tirzepatide with phase 4 as the highest phase and a first approval in 2022.33
Show all 34 phase 2 and 3 trials on a timelineHide timeline 27 completed 7 running 26 with results
Phase 2
Phase 3

Bar: start to primary endpoint (planned for running trials). Green = completed, blue = progress until 25 Oct 2026. Phase 1: 20 trials on safety and pharmacokinetics, not shown as bars.

Side effects

The most common hit is the gastrointestinal tract: nausea, fullness, sometimes diarrhoea or constipation. It shows up mainly at the start and after each dose increase. It usually settles once the body has adjusted. That is exactly what the slow ramp is for. Wanting to go too high too fast is the most common avoidable mistake.

Tolerability

Frequency in the phase 2 trial

Out of 100 participants per group, how many had the event over 26 weeks.

10 of 100 Placebo
23 of 100 Level 1 (lowest)
33 of 100 Level 2
51 of 100 Level 3
66 of 100 Level 4 (highest, 15 mg)
Event PlaceboLevel 1 (lowest)Level 2Level 3Level 4 (highest, 15 mg)
Gastrointestinal effects1 10%23%33%51%66%
Decreased appetite1 2%4%20%26%19%

Values from the abstract of the phase 2 trial in type 2 diabetes (nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting combined). A later trial showed that a lower start and smaller steps when increasing went along with fewer side effects. In SURMOUNT-1 4.3 to 7.1 percent stopped because of side effects, 2.6 percent on placebo.172

Lifestyle

Tirzepatide takes the hunger away, the rest is on you. A few things get more out of the research phase and keep you healthy:

  1. Enough protein

    If you eat little, make the little you eat protein-rich, or you lose muscle along with fat.

  2. Drink enough

    With low appetite you often drink less without noticing. The risk of dehydration then goes up.

  3. Resistance training

    Keeps muscle mass while the weight comes off.

  4. Eat slowly

    With delayed gastric emptying you fill up faster, big portions sit heavy.

Carafe of water, a bowl of yogurt with berries and two light blue dumbbells on a bright kitchen counter

Alcohol and very fatty meals make the nausea noticeably worse, especially early on.

Storage

The undissolved powder is robust, normal room temperature (around 20 to 25 degrees) is fine, ideally kept in the dark. Once dissolved, the solution goes into the fridge (2 to 8 degrees) and stays stable there for at least 4 to 6 months with barely any loss of potency, in practice considerably longer. The bacteriostatic water brings a preservative that keeps the dissolved form stable for longer.

Shelf life

How long it keeps

Undissolved (powder) Room temperature, around 20 to 25 degrees, dark

Robust, no fridge needed. Keeps for several months without trouble.

Dissolved (mixed) Fridge, 2 to 8 degrees

At least 4 to 6 months with barely any loss of potency. The bacteriostatic water brings a preservative.

  • Keep it dark
  • Dissolved: 2 to 8 degrees
  • Note the mixing date on the vial
Nine vials with white powder and blue caps in the door shelf of a bright fridge
Powder dark at room temperature, once dissolved into the fridge (2 to 8 degrees), stable there for at least 4 to 6 months. Symbolic image.
Level · Tirzepatide

How the level builds up

One dose per week: each dose adds to what is left of the previous one.

Lexicon: Once weekly (subcutaneous)
Peak 1.61×Trough 0.61×
Day 21 · 4. dose
1.58× of the first dose
Plateau
from Day 21

98 % of the plateau after dose 4

Peak
1.61×

of the first dose

Trough
0.61×

before the next dose

Simplified model, values relative to the first dose, no dosing information. Dashed: the first dose alone, green: the plateau.

Related

Related compounds

Same receptors, blends with Tirzepatide or a different path: all in the TPD lexicon.

Tirzepatide
Retatrutide Triple agonist, adds glucagon Semaglutide GLP-1 only Tirzepatide Oral Same compound, as a tablet Survodutide GLP-1 and glucagon Mazdutide GLP-1 and glucagon Orforglipron GLP-1, studied as a tablet Cagrilintide Different path: amylin Eloralintide Amylin, also studied together with Tirzepatide CagriSema (Cagri + Sema) Amylin plus GLP-1

FAQ

Common questions about Tirzepatide

Short answers, each backed by the sources below.

Is Tirzepatide approved?

Yes. The first approval came in May 2022 in the USA for type 2 diabetes, the European Medicines Agency issued a positive opinion shortly after. ChEMBL now lists type 2 diabetes, obesity and overweight as approved indications. The information here describes the state of research and is not a recommendation for use.333

How does Tirzepatide differ from Semaglutide and Retatrutide?

The number of receptors. Semaglutide acts only on the GLP-1 receptor, Tirzepatide on GIP and GLP-1, Retatrutide also on the glucagon receptor. In a head-to-head trial against semaglutide (SURMOUNT-5) weight fell by 20.2 versus 13.7 percent after 72 weeks. A comparison with Retatrutide is still running (TRIUMPH-5, planned end November 2026).332532

What did the phase 3 trials show?

In SURMOUNT-1 (obesity without diabetes) weight fell by 20.9 percent on average after 72 weeks at the highest study dose, by 3.1 percent on placebo. In SURMOUNT-2 (with type 2 diabetes) it was 14.7 versus 3.2 percent. In SURPASS-1 long-term blood sugar (HbA1c) fell by up to 2.07 percentage points in 40 weeks, on placebo it rose slightly.2228

How long does Tirzepatide stay in the body?

The half-life in the first human study was about five days (116.7 hours on average). A fatty acid attached to the molecule makes this possible: it lets the molecule bind to the blood protein albumin. That fits one dose a week, which is how the trials give it.5

What happens after stopping?

SURMOUNT-4 tested this. After 36 weeks of Tirzepatide everyone had lost 20.9 percent on average. Those switched to placebo regained 14.0 percent on average by week 88. Those who continued lost a further 5.5 percent. Over the whole period it was 25.3 versus 9.9 percent.24

Which side effects were seen?

Most often gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting, mostly mild to moderate and mainly while the dose was being increased. In SURMOUNT-1 4.3 to 7.1 percent stopped because of side effects depending on the dose, 2.6 percent on placebo. A phase 2 trial showed that a lower start and smaller steps went along with fewer complaints.27

What is known about heart, liver and sleep apnoea?

In SUMMIT (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity) 9.9 percent had cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure, 15.3 percent on placebo. In SURPASS-CVOT Tirzepatide was not worse than dulaglutide for cardiovascular events. In SYNERGY-NASH MASH resolved in 62 percent at the highest study dose, in 10 percent on placebo. In sleep apnoea the number of breathing pauses per hour fell by 25.3 in one of the two trials, by 5.3 on placebo.30203129

Which trials are still running?

Six of the listed phase 3 trials are not finished yet. The largest is SURMOUNT-MMO on morbidity and mortality in obesity with 15,374 participants (planned end October 2027). There are also trials in type 1 diabetes, in adolescents and in children aged 6 to 11.32

Glossary

Terms explained briefly

Dotted words in the text open these explanations directly.

Agonist
A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it, like the body's own messenger. A dual agonist activates two different receptors.
Albumin
The most common protein in the blood. Tirzepatide binds to it through an attached fatty acid and is broken down more slowly.
GIP
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: a gut hormone that boosts insulin release when blood sugar is high. Fat cells also carry its receptor.
GLP-1
Glucagon-like peptide 1: gut hormone that releases insulin, slows gastric emptying and signals fullness in the brain.
Half-life
Time after which only half of a substance is left in the blood. At about five days one dose a week keeps the level steady.
HbA1c
Long-term blood sugar: reflects average blood sugar over the past eight to twelve weeks.
Incretins
Gut hormones such as GLP-1 and GIP that are released after eating and boost the insulin response.
Lyophilisate
Freeze-dried powder. Without water a peptide keeps much longer.
MASH
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, fatty liver with inflammation, formerly mostly called NASH. It can lead to scarring (fibrosis).
Placebo
Dummy preparation without active substance. Comparing against it shows what is due to the substance itself.
Receptor
Protein on the cell surface that a messenger docks onto. Only then does the cell respond.
Subcutaneous
Into the fat layer just under the skin.
Trial phases
Phase 1 tests tolerability in a few people, phase 2 looks for the dose, phase 3 confirms benefit and safety in thousands. After that, approval can be requested.

Evidence

Sources

Show all 33 sourcesHide sources 30 Studies1 Trial registry2 Database checked 25 Oct 2026

Studies

  1. Phase 2 study in type 2 diabetes

    Frias et al., The Lancet, 2018

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32260-8 PMID 30293770 NCT03131687
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  2. Phase 3 trial SURMOUNT-1 in obesity

    Jastreboff et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2022

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 PMID 35658024 NCT04184622
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  3. Review of the trial programme and approval

    Gallwitz, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2022

    DOI 10.3389/fendo.2022.1004044 PMID 36313764
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  4. Discovery, pharmacology and first human study

    Coskun et al., Molecular Metabolism, 2018

    DOI 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.009 PMID 30473097 NCT02759107
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed, PubMed Central (Volltext)
  5. Study on gastric emptying

    Urva et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2020

    DOI 10.1111/dom.14110 PMID 32519795
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  6. Phase 2 study on escalation schemes

    Frias et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2020

    DOI 10.1111/dom.13979 PMID 31984598
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  7. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-1 in type 2 diabetes

    Rosenstock et al., The Lancet, 2021

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6 PMID 34186022 NCT03954834
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  8. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-2 versus semaglutide

    Frías et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2021

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 PMID 34170647 NCT03987919
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  9. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-3

    Ludvik et al., The Lancet, 2021

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01443-4 PMID 34370970 NCT03882970
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  10. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-4

    Del Prato et al., The Lancet, 2021

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7 PMID 34672967 NCT03730662
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  11. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-5

    Dahl et al., JAMA, 2022

    DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.0078 PMID 35133415 NCT04039503
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  12. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-6

    Rosenstock et al., JAMA, 2023

    DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.20294 PMID 37786396 NCT04537923
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  13. Phase 3 trial SURPASS J-mono

    Inagaki et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2022

    DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00188-7 PMID 35914543 NCT03861052
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  14. Phase 3 trial SURPASS J-combo

    Kadowaki et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2022

    DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00187-5 PMID 35914542 NCT03861039
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  15. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-AP-Combo

    Gao et al., Nature Medicine, 2023

    DOI 10.1038/s41591-023-02344-1 PMID 37231074 NCT04093752
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  16. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-CN-INS

    Guo et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2025

    DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00248-7 PMID 41167231 NCT05691712
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  17. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-CN-MONO

    Yin et al., Med, 2026

    DOI 10.1016/j.medj.2026.101183 PMID 42296968 NCT05963022
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  18. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-PEDS in children and adolescents

    Hannon et al., The Lancet, 2025

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01774-X PMID 40975112 NCT05260021
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  19. Phase 3 trial SURPASS-CVOT on cardiovascular events

    Nicholls et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2025

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928 PMID 41406444 NCT04255433
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  20. SURMOUNT-1 after three years, prediabetes part

    Jastreboff et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2025

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2410819 PMID 39536238 NCT04184622
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  21. Phase 3 trial SURMOUNT-2 in obesity with type 2 diabetes

    Garvey et al., The Lancet, 2023

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X PMID 37385275 NCT04657003
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  22. Phase 3 trial SURMOUNT-3 after a lifestyle programme

    Wadden et al., Nature Medicine, 2023

    DOI 10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w PMID 37840095 NCT04657016
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  23. Phase 3 trial SURMOUNT-4 on continuing or stopping

    Aronne et al., JAMA, 2024

    DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.24945 PMID 38078870 NCT04660643
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  24. Phase 3b trial SURMOUNT-5 versus semaglutide

    Aronne et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2025

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394 PMID 40353578 NCT05822830
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  25. Phase 3 trial SURMOUNT-J

    Kadowaki et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2025

    DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00377-2 PMID 40031941 NCT04844918
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  26. Phase 3 trial SURMOUNT-CN

    Zhao et al., JAMA, 2024

    DOI 10.1001/jama.2024.9217 PMID 38819983 NCT05024032
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  27. Phase 3b trial SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN on weight maintenance

    Horn et al., The Lancet, 2026

    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00656-2 PMID 42119587 NCT06047548
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  28. Phase 3 trials SURMOUNT-OSA on sleep apnoea

    Malhotra et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2024

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2404881 PMID 38912654 NCT05412004
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  29. Phase 3 trial SUMMIT in heart failure

    Packer et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2025

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2410027 PMID 39555826 NCT04847557
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed
  30. Phase 2 trial SYNERGY-NASH in fatty liver

    Loomba et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2024

    DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2401943 PMID 38856224 NCT04166773
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via doi.org, Crossref, PubMed

Trial registry

  1. All trials on ClinicalTrials.gov

    ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine

    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via ClinicalTrials.gov API v2

Database

  1. Pharmacology profile in the StatPearls reference

    Farzam und Patel, StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf (Stand Januar 2026)

    PMID 36251836
    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via PubMed
  2. Mechanism, targets and approval status in ChEMBL

    ChEMBL, EMBL-EBI (CHEMBL4297839)

    Checked 25 Oct 2026 via ChEMBL

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